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Android证书信任问题与大表哥
◆0 起因
1、近期icloud.com、yahoo.com、apple.com遭遇到大规模劫持 WooYun: Yahoo雅虎在国内访问遭遇SSL中间人攻击(被替换为自签名证书) 2、乌云平台、CVE都收到大量有关Android APP信任所有证书的漏洞 WooYun: 国内绝大部分Android APP存在信任所有证书漏洞 3、老外写有关大表哥的文章中提到MITM时360浏览器不提示证书错误 http://www.computerworld.com/article/2836084/chinese-big-brother-launches-nationwide-attack-on-icloud.html 之前信任证书问题一直都有被提到,但是普遍不受大家重视,因为这个漏洞是利用是需要场景的:MITM(中间人攻击 Man-in-the-middle attack)。一般情况下MITM相对其他攻击是比较少见的,如果有良好的上网习惯如不接入不受信任的网络,那就更少可能受此类攻击了。但是近期发生的MITM据传是在核心骨干网BGP上做了改动所以劫持范围非常之广,真是防不胜防呀,你被劫持了么? ◆1 科普 https&&ssl 为了提高网站的安全性,一般会在比较敏感的部分页面采用https传输,比如注册、登录、控制台等。像Gmail、网银、icloud等则全部采用https传输。https/ssl主要起到两个作用:网站认证、内容加密传输和数据一致性。经CA签发的证书才起到认证可信的作用,所有有效证书均可以起到加密传输的作用。 数字证书 主要在互联网上的用于身份验证的用途。 安全站点在获得CA(Certificate Authority数字证书认证机构)认证后,获得一个数字证书,以此来标识其合法身份的真实性。数字证书主要分为服务器证书和客户端证书。服务器证书(SSL证书)用来进行身份验证和通信的加密,客户端证书主要用于身份验证和电子签名。找CA申请证书是要收费的。 自签名证书 非CA颁发的证书,通过自签名的方式得到的证书。通常Web浏览器会显示一个对话框,询问您是否希望信任一个自签名证书。这个是不用花钱的。 中间人攻击 是指攻击者与通讯的两端分别创建独立的联系,并交换其所收到的数据,使通讯的两端认为他们正在通过一个私密的连接与对方直接对话,但事实上整个会话都被攻击者完全控制。在中间人攻击中,攻击者可以拦截通讯双方的通话并插入新的内容。在许多情况下这是很简单的。 ◆2 分析 如果自己简单的实现android webview加载网页,如果直接访问可信证书的站点是可以正常显示,但是如果访问自签名的证书的站点就会显示notfound的页面。(写本文时apple.com以及apple.com.cn处于劫持状态) 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg logcat会输出网页显示不安全的内容 Web Console:The page displayed insecure content! 功能健全的手机浏览器访问自签名证书的站点会如下提醒 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 在PC端如果访问自签名证书的站点则会出现如下图左侧的提醒 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 为解决javax.net.ssl.SSLPeerUnverifiedException: No peer certificate的异常,开发者往往会采用以下的错误解决方案。如此是浏览器应用采用此类解决方案,那么风险就更大了。 覆盖google默认的证书检查机制 #!java class bv implements X509TrustManager { bv(bu parambu) {} public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] paramArrayOfX509Certificate, String paramString) {// Do nothing -> accept any certificates} public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] paramArrayOfX509Certificate, String paramString) {// Do nothing -> accept any certificates} public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() { return null; } } 信任所有主机名 #!java public static HttpClient getNewHttpClient() { try { //获得密匙库 KeyStore trustStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType()); trustStore.load(null, null); SSLSocketFactory sf = new SSLSocketFactoryEx(trustStore); //信任所有主机名 sf.setHostnameVerifier(SSLSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER); HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams(); HttpProtocolParams.setVersion(params, HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1); HttpProtocolParams.setContentCharset(params, HTTP.UTF_8); SchemeRegistry registry = new SchemeRegistry(); registry.register(new Scheme("http", PlainSocketFactory.getSocketFactory(), 80)); registry.register(new Scheme("https", sf, 443)); ClientConnectionManager ccm = new ThreadSafeClientConnManager(params, registry); return new DefaultHttpClient(ccm, params); } catch (Exception e) { return new DefaultHttpClient(); } } empty HostnameVerifier #!java HostnameVerifier hv = new HostnameVerifier() { @Override public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) { // Always return true -> Accespt any host names return true; } }; 忽略WebView证书错误继续加载 #!java myWebView.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient(){ @Override public void onReceivedError(WebView view, int errorCode, String description, String failingUrl) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub super.onReceivedError(view, errorCode, description, failingUrl); } @Override public void onReceivedSslError(WebView view, SslErrorHandler handler, SslError error) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub handler.proceed(); }}); 其实早在14年2月窃听风暴: Android平台https嗅探劫持漏洞文中就有提到android平台的app因为覆盖google默认的证书检查机制(X509TrustManager)之后没有对证书进行应有的安全性检查,直接接受了所有异常的https证书,不提醒用户存在安全风险,也不终止这次危险的连接。文中对证书域名检查(HostnameVerifier)部分没有细说。 上文有提到PC版的360浏览器访问被劫持网站居然没有证书错误提示,让人很不敢相信。加上最近android app 证书问题频发,猜想是否有可能一些手机浏览器也会有此类漏洞了。测试过程中发现360手机浏览器、和搜狗浏览器存在此风险。 百度和遨游轻松检测出证书异常 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 而360和搜狗直接加载进入了被劫持的网站。 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 反编译查看遨游浏览器的代码,针对证书异常做了处理 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 而搜狗浏览器则是做了证书信任所有主机名不当处理 图片:20141023115732webview.jpg 关键字:checkServerTrusted、setHostnameVerifier、ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER、X509TrustManager、onReceivedSslError ◆3 对比 对主流手机浏览器进行了横向对比,测试对象包括:firefox、chrome、UC浏览器、搜狗浏览器、百度浏览器、360安全浏览器、欧鹏浏览器、遨游云浏览器、猎豹浏览器。 测试方法:手机访问https://example.com/,观察是否有安全提醒。(update:此方法已经无效.) 未做提醒直接加载网页:360安全浏览器、猎豹浏览器、搜狗浏览器 正常做出安全提醒:firefox、chrome、UC浏览器、百度浏览器、欧鹏浏览器、遨游云浏览器 ◆4 建议 开发者: 1、非浏览器app,有钱申请ca证书没钱在客户端中添加证书,切勿信任所有证书。 2、浏览器app,严格按照客户端校验服务器证书流程处理: [*]查看证书是否过期 [*]CA是否可靠 [*]CA的公钥能否正确解开服务器证书的CA数字签名,即证书的签名值 [*]服务器证书上的域名是否和服务器的实际域名相匹配 3、建议使用setHostnameVerifier(SSLSocketFactory.STRICT_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER) 一个SSLSocketFactory的example #!java java public class SecureSocketFactory extends SSLSocketFactory { private static final String LOG_TAG = "SecureSocketFactory"; private final SSLContext sslCtx; private final X509Certificate[] acceptedIssuers; /** * Instantiate a new secured factory pertaining to the passed store. Be sure to initialize the * store with the password using {@link java.security.KeyStore#load(java.io.InputStream, * char[])} method. * * @param store The key store holding the certificate details * @param alias The alias of the certificate to use */ public SecureSocketFactory(KeyStore store, String alias) throws CertificateException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, KeyManagementException, KeyStoreException, UnrecoverableKeyException { super(store); // Loading the CA certificate from store. final Certificate rootca = store.getCertificate(alias); // Turn it to X509 format. InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(rootca.getEncoded()); X509Certificate x509ca = (X509Certificate) CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509").generateCertificate(is); AsyncHttpClient.silentCloseInputStream(is); if (null == x509ca) { throw new CertificateException("Embedded SSL certificate has expired."); } // Check the CA's validity. x509ca.checkValidity(); // Accepted CA is only the one installed in the store. acceptedIssuers = new X509Certificate[]{x509ca}; sslCtx = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS"); sslCtx.init( null, new TrustManager[]{ new X509TrustManager() { @Override public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) throws CertificateException { } @Override public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) throws CertificateException { Exception error = null; if (null == chain || 0 == chain.length) { error = new CertificateException("Certificate chain is invalid."); } else if (null == authType || 0 == authType.length()) { error = new CertificateException("Authentication type is invalid."); } else { Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Chain includes " + chain.length + " certificates."); try { for (X509Certificate cert : chain) { Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Server Certificate Details:"); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "---------------------------"); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "IssuerDN: " + cert.getIssuerDN().toString()); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "SubjectDN: " + cert.getSubjectDN().toString()); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Serial Number: " + cert.getSerialNumber()); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Version: " + cert.getVersion()); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Not before: " + cert.getNotBefore().toString()); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Not after: " + cert.getNotAfter().toString()); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "---------------------------"); // Make sure that it hasn't expired. cert.checkValidity(); // Verify the certificate's public key chain. cert.verify(rootca.getPublicKey()); } } catch (InvalidKeyException e) { error = e; } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { error = e; } catch (NoSuchProviderException e) { error = e; } catch (SignatureException e) { error = e; } } if (null != error) { Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Certificate error", error); throw new CertificateException(error); } } @Override public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() { return acceptedIssuers; } } }, null ); setHostnameVerifier(SSLSocketFactory.STRICT_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER); } @Override public Socket createSocket(Socket socket, String host, int port, boolean autoClose) throws IOException { injectHostname(socket, host); Socket sslSocket = sslCtx.getSocketFactory().createSocket(socket, host, port, autoClose); // throw an exception if the hostname does not match the certificate getHostnameVerifier().verify(host, (SSLSocket) sslSocket); return sslSocket; } @Override public Socket createSocket() throws IOException { return sslCtx.getSocketFactory().createSocket(); } /** * Pre-ICS Android had a bug resolving HTTPS addresses. This workaround fixes that bug. * * @param socket The socket to alter * @param host Hostname to connect to * @see https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=13117#c14 */ private void injectHostname(Socket socket, String host) { try { if (Integer.valueOf(Build.VERSION.SDK) >= 4) { Field field = InetAddress.class.getDeclaredField("hostName"); field.setAccessible(true); field.set(socket.getInetAddress(), host); } } catch (Exception ignored) { } } } 用户:使用安全性较好的app ◆5 参考 http://drops.wooyun.org/tips/2775 http://drops.wooyun.org/papers/959 http://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/HttpsURLConnection.html http://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/X509TrustManager.html http://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-ssl.html http://developer.android.com/reference/org/apache/http/conn/ssl/SSLSocketFactory.html |
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